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Halite, commonly known as rock salt, is a naturally occurring mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl) that forms in cubic crystals and can range in color from colorless to white, pink, or blue. It frequently forms in sedimentary deposits from the evaporation of ancient seawater and plays a crucial role in both human history and modern industry as a vital source of salt for food preservation, de-icing roads, and chemical manufacturing.

Obsidian is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava cools so rapidly that mineral crystals do not have time to develop, resulting in a dark-colored rock with a glassy luster and conchoidal fracture pattern. Throughout human history, this remarkably sharp and durable material has been prized for making tools and ceremonial objects by various civilizations, from ancient Mesoamerican cultures to modern surgical instrument manufacturers.

Petrified wood, literally ‘wood turned into stone’), is the name given to a special type of fossilized wood, the fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation. Petrifaction is the result of a tree, or tree-like plants having been replaced by stone via a mineralization process that often includes permineralization and replacement. The organic materials making up cell walls have been replicated with minerals. In some instances, the original structure of the stem tissue may be partially retained. Unlike other plant fossils, which are typically impressions or compressions, petrified wood is a three-dimensional representation of the original organic material.